# ISO 216

ISO 269 sizes
(mm × mm)
C Series
C0 917 × 1297
C1 648 × 917
C2 458 × 648
C3 324 × 458
C4 229 × 324
C5 162 × 229
C6 114 × 162
C7/6 81 × 162
C7 81 × 114
C8 57 × 81
C9 40 × 57
C10 28 × 40
DL 110 × 220
ISO 216 sizes
(mm × mm)
A Series B Series
A0 841 × 1189 B0 1000 × 1414
A1 594 × 841 B1 707 × 1000
A2 420 × 594 B2 500 × 707
A3 297 × 420 B3 353 × 500
A4 210 × 297 B4 250 × 353
A5 148 × 210 B5 176 × 250
A6 105 × 148 B6 125 × 176
A7 74 × 105 B7 88 × 125
A8 52 × 74 B8 62 × 88
A9 37 × 52 B9 44 × 62
A10 26 × 37 B10 31 × 44

ISO 216 specifies international standard (ISO) paper sizes used in most countries in the world today. The standard defines the "A" and "B" series of paper sizes, including A4, the most commonly available size. Two supplementary standards, ISO 217 and ISO 269, define related paper sizes; the ISO 269 "C" series is commonly listed alongside the A and B sizes.

All ISO 216, ISO 217 and ISO 269 paper sizes (except DL) have the same aspect ratio, Unknown extension tag "math". This ratio has the unique property that when cut or folded in half widthwise, the halves also have the same aspect ratio. Each ISO paper size is one half of the area of the next larger size.

## History

"Lichtenberg ratio" redirects here. For 2, see Square root of 2.

The advantages of basing a paper size upon an aspect ratio of Unknown extension tag "math" were already noted in 1786 by the German scientist Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, in a letter to Johann Beckmann.[1] The formats that became A2, A3, B3, B4 and B5 were developed in France, and published in 1798 during the French Revolution.[2]

File:Comparison paper sizes.svg
Comparison of A4 (shaded grey) and C4 sizes with some similar paper and photographic paper sizes.

Early in the twentieth century, Dr Walter Porstmann turned Lichtenberg's idea into a proper system of different paper sizes. Porstmann's system was introduced as a DIN standard (DIN 476) in Germany in 1922, replacing a vast variety of other paper formats. Even today the paper sizes are called "DIN Ax" in everyday use in Germany, Austria, Spain and Portugal.

The main advantage of this system is its scaling: if a sheet with an aspect ratio of Unknown extension tag "math" is divided into two equal halves parallel to its shortest sides, then the halves will again have an aspect ratio of Unknown extension tag "math". Folded brochures of any size can be made by using sheets of the next larger size, e.g. A4 sheets are folded to make A5 brochures. The system allows scaling without compromising the aspect ratio from one size to another – as provided by office photocopiers, e.g. enlarging A4 to A3 or reducing A3 to A4. Similarly, two sheets of A4 can be scaled down to fit exactly one A4 sheet without any cutoff or margins.

The weight of each sheet is also easy to calculate given the basis weight in grams per square metre (g/m2 or "gsm"). Since an A0 sheet has an area of 1 m2, its weight in grams is the same as its basis weight in g/m2. A standard A4 sheet made from 80 g/m2 paper weighs 5 g, as it is one 16th (four halvings) of an A0 page. Thus the weight, and the associated postage rate, can be easily calculated by counting the number of sheets used.

ISO 216 and its related standards were first published between 1975 and 1995:

• ISO 216:2007, defining the A and B series of paper sizes
• ISO 269:1985, defining the C series for envelopes
• ISO 217:2013, defining the RA and SRA series of raw ("untrimmed") paper sizes

## A series

Paper in the A series format has a $1:\sqrt{2} \approx 1.414$ aspect ratio, although this is rounded to the nearest millimetre. A0 is defined so that it has an area of 1 square metre, prior to the rounding. Successive paper sizes in the series (A1, A2, A3, etc.) are defined by halving the preceding paper size, cutting parallel to its shorter side so that the long side of A(n+1) is the same length as the short side of An prior to rounding.

The most frequently used of this series is the size A4 which is Script error: No such module "convert".. For comparison, the letter paper size commonly used in North America (Script error: No such module "convert".) is approximately 6 mm (0.24 in) wider and 18 mm (0.71 in) shorter than A4.

The geometric rationale behind the square root of 2 is to maintain the aspect ratio of each subsequent rectangle after cutting or folding an A series sheet in half, perpendicular to the larger side. Given a rectangle with a longer side, x, and a shorter side, y, ensuring that its aspect ratio, $x/y$, will be the same as that of a rectangle half its size, $y/(x/2)$, means that $\ x/y = y/(x/2)$, which reduces to $x/y = \sqrt{2}$; in other words, an aspect ratio of $1 : \sqrt{2}$.

The formula that gives the larger border of the paper size A$n$ in metres and without rounding off is the geometric sequence: $a_n = 2^{1/4 - n/2}$. The paper size A$n$ thus has the dimension $a_n$ × $a_{n+1}$ and area (prior to rounding off) $2^{-n} m^2$.

The exact millimetre measurement of the long side of A$n$ is given by $\left \lfloor 1000/(2^{\frac{2n-1}{4}})+0.2 \right \rfloor$.

## B series

The B series is defined in the standard as follows: "A subsidiary series of sizes is obtained by placing the geometrical means between adjacent sizes of the A series in sequence." The use of the geometric mean means that each step in size: B0, A0, B1, A1, B2 … is smaller than the previous by an equal scaling. As with the A series, the lengths of the B series have the ratio $1:\sqrt{2}$, and folding one in half gives the next in the series. The shorter side of B0 is exactly 1m.

There is also an incompatible Japanese B series which the JIS defines to have 1.5 times the area of the corresponding JIS A series (which is identical to the ISO A series).[3] Thus, the lengths of JIS B series paper are $\sqrt{1.5} \approx 1.22$ times those of A-series paper. By comparison, the lengths of ISO B series paper are $\sqrt[4]{2} \approx 1.19$ times those of A-series paper.

For the ISO B series, the exact millimetre measurement of the long side of B$n$ is given by $\left \lfloor 1000/(2^{\frac{n-1}{2}})+0.2 \right \rfloor$.

## C series

The C series formats are geometric means between the B series and A series formats with the same number (e.g., C2 is the geometric mean between B2 and A2). The width to height ratio is as in the A and B series. The C series formats are used mainly for envelopes. An A4 page will fit into a C4 envelope. C series envelopes follow the same ratio principle as the A series pages. For example, if an A4 page is folded in half so that it is A5 in size, it will fit into a C5 envelope (which will be the same size as a C4 envelope folded in half). The lengths of ISO C series paper are therefore $\sqrt[8]{2}$ times those of A-series paper - i.e. about 9% larger.

A, B, and C paper fit together as part of a geometric progression, with ratio of successive side lengths of 21/8, though there is no size half-way between Bn and An-1: A4, C4, B4, "D4", A3, …; there is such a D-series in the Swedish extensions to the system.

The exact millimetre measurement of the long side of C$n$ is given by $\left \lfloor 1000/(2^{\frac{4n-3}{8}})+0.2 \right \rfloor$.

## Tolerances

The tolerances specified in the standard are:

• ±1.5 mm for dimensions up to 150 mm,
• ±2.0 mm for dimensions in the range 150 to 600 mm, and
• ±3.0 mm for dimensions above 600 mm.

## A, B, C comparison

ISO/DIN paper sizes in millimetres and in inches
A Series Formats B Series Formats C Series Formats
size mm inches mm inches mm inches
0 841 × 1189 33.1 × 46.8 1000 × 1414 39.4 × 55.7 917 × 1297 36.1 × 51.1
1 594 × 841 23.4 × 33.1 707 × 1000 27.8 × 39.4 648 × 917 25.5 × 36.1
2 420 × 594 16.5 × 23.4 500 × 707 19.7 × 27.8 458 × 648 18.0 × 25.5
3 297 × 420 11.7 × 16.5 353 × 500 13.9 × 19.7 324 × 458 12.8 × 18.0
4 210 × 297 8.3 × 11.7 250 × 353 9.8 × 13.9 229 × 324 9.0 × 12.8
5 148 × 210 5.8 × 8.3 176 × 250 6.9 × 9.8 162 × 229 6.4 × 9.0
6 105 × 148 4.1 × 5.8 125 × 176 4.9 × 6.9 114 × 162 4.5 × 6.4
7 74 × 105 2.9 × 4.1 88 × 125 3.5 × 4.9 81 × 114 3.2 × 4.5
8 52 × 74 2.0 × 2.9 62 × 88 2.4 × 3.5 57 × 81 2.2 × 3.2
9 37 × 52 1.5 × 2.0 44 × 62 1.7 × 2.4 40 × 57 1.6 × 2.2
10 26 × 37 1.0 × 1.5 31 × 44 1.2 × 1.7 28 × 40 1.1 × 1.6
250px 297px 273px
File:Comparison SIS 014711 paper sizes.svg
Comparison of ISO 216 paper sizes between A4 and A3 and Swedish extension SIS 014711 sizes.

## Application

The ISO 216 formats are organized around the ratio $1:\sqrt{2}$; two sheets next to each other together have the same ratio, sideways. In scaled photocopying, for example, two A4 sheets reduced to A5 size fit exactly onto one A4 sheet, and an A4 sheet in magnified size onto an A3 sheet, in each case there is neither waste nor want.

The principal countries not generally using the ISO paper sizes are the United States and Canada, which use the Letter, Legal and Executive system. Although they have also officially adopted the ISO 216 paper format, Mexico, Panama, Venezuela, Colombia, the Philippines and Chile also use mostly U.S. paper sizes.

Rectangular sheets of paper with the ratio $1:\sqrt{2}$ are popular in paper folding, such as origami, where they are sometimes called "A4 rectangles" or "silver rectangles".[4] In other contexts, the term "silver rectangle" can also refer to a rectangle in the proportion $1:(1+\sqrt{2})$, known as the silver ratio.

## References

1. ^ Briefwechsel, Band, III; Lichtenberg (1786-10-25). "Lichtenberg’s letter to Johann Beckmann". Georg Christoph Lichtenberg (in German) (1990 ed.). Deutschland: Verlag C. H. Beck. ISBN 3-406-30958-5. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
2. ^ "Loi sur le timbre (Nº 2136)". Bulletin des lois de la République (in French) (Paris: French government) (237): 1–2. 1798-11-03. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
3. ^ "Japanese B Series Paper Size". Retrieved 2010-04-18.
4. ^ Lister, David. "The A4 rectangle". The Lister List. England: British Origami Society. Retrieved 2009-05-06.