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Mid front unrounded vowel

Mid front unrounded vowel
e
e̞
ɛ̝
IPA number 302 430
Encoding
Entity (decimal) Template:Infobox IPA/format numbers
Unicode (hex) Template:Infobox IPA/format numbers
X-SAMPA e_o
Braille 25px25px25px
Template:Infobox IPA/format numbers

The mid front unrounded vowel is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. While there is no dedicated symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the exact mid front unrounded vowel between close-mid [e] and open-mid [ɛ], it is normally written ⟨e⟩. If precision is required, diacritics may be used, such as ⟨e̞⟩ or ⟨ɛ̝⟩ (the former, indicating lowering, being more common). In Sinology and Koreanology ⟨ᴇ⟩, (small capital E, U+1D07, ᴇ) is used sometimes.

For many languages that have only one phonemic front unrounded vowel in the mid-vowel area (i.e. neither close nor open), this vowel is pronounced as a true mid vowel, phonetically distinct from either a close-mid or open-mid vowel. Examples are Spanish, Japanese, Korean, Greek and Turkish. A number of dialects of English also have such a mid front vowel. However, there is no general predisposition for this. Igbo, for example, has a close-mid [e], whereas Bulgarian has an open-mid [ɛ], even though neither language has another phonemic mid front vowel.

The Kensiu language spoken in Malaysia and Thailand is claimed to be unique in having true-mid vowels that are phonemically distinct from both close-mid and open-mid vowels without differences in other parameters such as backness or roundedness.[1]

Features

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic he̞ [he̞ː] 'yes' Usually shifted to [e] and [ɪ] in the Urmia and Jilu dialects.
Bavarian Amstetten dialect[2] [example needed]
Catalan Alguerese sec [se̞k] 'dry' /ɛ/ and /e/ merge into [e̞] in these dialects. See Catalan phonology
Northern
Danish[3] Conservative[4] hæl [ˈhe̞ːˀl] 'heel' Described variously as close-mid [e][5][6][7][8][9] and open-mid [ɛ][10] in contemporary Standard Danish. Most often, it is transcribed /ɛ(ː)/. See Danish phonology
English Cardiff[11] square [skwe̞ː] 'square' Corresponds to /ɛə/ in RP.
Cockney let [le̞t] 'let' May be a diphthong instead before voiced consonants.
Cultivated Australian Close-mid [e] for other speakers, but it may be even higher [ɪ] in New Zealand.
Cultivated New Zealand
Received Pronunciation[12] Many speakers pronounce a more open vowel [ɛ] instead. See English phonology
Southern English
Inland Northern American[13] bit [bë̞t̚] 'bit' Near-front,[13][14] used in some dialects. Corresponds to [[[near-close near-front unrounded vowel#REDIRECTmw:Help:Magic words#Other
This page is a soft redirect.ɪ]]] in other dialects, in Scotland it can be [[[near-close near-front unrounded vowel#REDIRECTmw:Help:Magic words#Other
This page is a soft redirect.ɪ]]~[[mid central vowel#Mid-central unrounded vowel#REDIRECTmw:Help:Magic words#Other
This page is a soft redirect.ə]]] instead. See Northern Cities vowel shift
Scottish[14] [bë̞ʔ]
Yorkshire[15] play [ple̞ː] 'play'
Finnish[16] menen [ˈme̞ne̞n] 'I (will) go' See Finnish phonology
German Standard[17] Bett About this sound [bɛ̝̈tʰ] (help·info) 'bed' Near-front;[17] it's the realization of /ɛ/ according to the vowel chart in Kohler (1999). On the other hand, Mangold (2005) places it in the open mid position: [ɛ]. See German phonology
Greek φαινόμενο fainómeno [fe̞ˈno̞me̞no̞] 'phenomenon' See Modern Greek phonology
Hebrew[18] כן [ke̞n] 'yes' Hebrew vowels are not shown in the script, see Niqqud and Modern Hebrew phonology
Hungarian[19] hét [he̞ːt̪] 'seven' See Hungarian phonology
Japanese[20] 笑み About this sound [e̞mʲi] (help·info) 'smile' See Japanese phonology
Korean[21] 베개 [pe̞ˈɡɛ] 'pillow' See Korean phonology
Norwegian Standard Eastern[22] nett [n̪ɛ̝t̪] 'net' Typically transcribed /ɛ/. See Norwegian phonology
Portuguese Brazilian energia [ẽ̞ne̞ɦˈʑi.ɐ] 'energy' Unstressed vowel.[23] See Portuguese phonology
Romanian fete [ˈfe̞t̪e̞] 'girls' See Romanian phonology
Russian[24] человек [t͡ɕɪlɐˈvʲe̞k] 'human' Occurs only after soft consonants. See Russian phonology
Serbo-Croatian[25] питање / pitanje About this sound [pǐːt̪äːɲ̟e̞] (help·info) 'question' See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Spanish[26] bebé [be̞ˈβ̞e̞] 'baby' See Spanish phonology
Swedish Central Standard[27] häll [he̞l̪] 'flat rock' Typically transcribed as /ɛ/. Many dialects pronounce short /e/ and /ɛ/ the same. See Swedish phonology
Tagalog daliri [dɐˈliɾe̞] 'finger' See Tagalog phonology
Turkish[28] ev [e̞v] 'house' See Turkish phonology
IPA vowel chart
Front Near-​front Central Near-​back Back
Close
320px
•iy
•ɨʉ
•ɯu
•ɪʏ
•eø
•ɘɵ
•ɤo
•e̞ø̞
•ɛœ
•ɜɞ
•ʌɔ
•æ
•aɶ
•ɑɒ
Near-close
Close-mid
Mid
Open-mid
Near-open
Open
Paired vowels are: unrounded • rounded
This table contains phonetic symbols, which may not display correctly in some browsers. [Help]
[[help:IPA#REDIRECTmw:Help:Magic words#Other
This page is a soft redirect.IPA help]] • [[Help:IPA for English#REDIRECTmw:Help:Magic words#Other
This page is a soft redirect.IPA key]] • [[:file:IPA vowel chart 2005.png#REDIRECTmw:Help:Magic words#Other
This page is a soft redirect.chart]] • 11px [[IPA vowel chart with audio#REDIRECTmw:Help:Magic words#Other
This page is a soft redirect.chart with audio]] • [[Template:IPA chart/table vowels#REDIRECTmw:Help:Magic words#Other
This page is a soft redirect.view]]

References

  1. ^ Bishop, N. (1996). A preliminary description of Kensiw (Maniq) phonology. Mon–Khmer Studies Journal, 25.
  2. ^ Traunmüller (1982), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:290)
  3. ^ Uldall (1933), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:289)
  4. ^ Ladefoged & Johnson (2010:227)
  5. ^ Grønnum (1998:100)
  6. ^ Grønnum (2005:268)
  7. ^ Grønnum (2003)
  8. ^ Basbøll (2005:45)
  9. ^ "John Wells's phonetic blog: Danish". 5 November 2010. Retrieved 11 March 2015. 
  10. ^ Allan, Holmes & Lundskær-Nielsen (2000:17)
  11. ^ Coupland (1990:95)
  12. ^ Roach (2004:242)
  13. ^ a b Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (15 July 1997). "A National Map of the Regional Dialects of American English". Department of Linguistics, University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved March 7, 2013. 
  14. ^ a b Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006:7)
  15. ^ Roca & Johnson (1999:179)
  16. ^ Iivonen & Harnud (2005:60, 66)
  17. ^ a b Kohler (1999:87)
  18. ^ Laufer (1999:98)
  19. ^ Szende (1994:92)
  20. ^ Okada (1991:94)
  21. ^ Lee (1999:121)
  22. ^ Vanvik (1979:13)
  23. ^ Corresponds to /ɛ/, or /ɨ/ and /i/ (where Brazilian dialects have [i ~ [[near-close near-front unrounded vowel#REDIRECTmw:Help:Magic words#Other
    This page is a soft redirect.ɪ]]     ~ e̞]    ), in other national variants. May be lowered to [ɛ̝ ~ ɛ] in amazofonia, nordestino, mineiro (MG) and fluminense (RJ) if not nasalized ([ẽ̞] does not corresponds to phoneme /ẽ/), or be raised and merged to /e/ in sulista, paulistano, caipira and sertanejo.
  24. ^ Jones & Ward (1969:41)
  25. ^ Landau et al. (1999:67)
  26. ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:256)
  27. ^ Engstrand (1999:140)
  28. ^ Zimmer & Orgun (1999:155)

Bibliography

  • Allan, Robin; Holmes, Philip; Lundskær-Nielsen, Tom (2000), Danish: An Essential Grammar, London: Routledge, ISBN 0-19-824268-9 
  • Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, ISBN 0-203-97876-5 
  • Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003), The Phonetics of English and Dutch, Fifth Revised Edition (PDF), ISBN 9004103406 
  • Coupland, Nikolas (1990), English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, p. 95, ISBN 1-85359-032-0 
  • Engstrand, Olle (1999), "Swedish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 140–142, ISBN 0-521-63751-1 
  • Grønnum, Nina (1998), "Illustrations of the IPA: Danish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 28 (1 & 2): 99–105, doi:10.1017/s0025100300006290 
  • Grønnum, Nina (2003), Why are the Danes so hard to understand? 
  • Grønnum, Nina (2005), Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk (3rd ed.), Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag, ISBN 87-500-3865-6 
  • Iivonen, Antti; Harnud, Huhe (2005), "Acoustical comparison of the monophthong systems in Finnish, Mongolian and Udmurt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 35 (1): 59–71, doi:10.1017/S002510030500191X 
  • Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press 
  • Kohler, Klaus J. (1999), "German", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 86–89, ISBN 0-521-65236-7 
  • Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19814-8. 
  • Ladefoged, Peter; Johnson, Keith (2010), A Course in Phonetics (6th ed.), Boston, Massachusetts: Wadsworth Publishing, ISBN 978-1-4282-3126-9 
  • Landau, Ernestina; Lončarića, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69, ISBN 0-521-65236-7 
  • Laufer, Asher (1999), "Hebrew", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, pp. 96–99 
  • Lee, Hyun Bok (1999), "Korean", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 120–122, ISBN 0-521-63751-1 
  • Mangold, Max (2005), Das Aussprachewörterbuch, Duden, p. 37, ISBN 9783411040667 
  • Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373 
  • Okada, Hideo (1991), "Japanese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 21 (2): 94–96, doi:10.1017/S002510030000445X 
  • Roach, Peter (2004), "British English: Received Pronunciation", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (2): 239–245, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001768 
  • Roca, Iggy; Johnson, Wyn (1999), A Course in Phonology, Blackwell Publishing 
  • Scobbie, James M; Gordeeva, Olga B.; Matthews, Benjamin (2006), Acquisition of Scottish English Phonology: an overview, Edinburgh: QMU Speech Science Research Centre Working Papers 
  • Szende, Tamás (1994), "Hungarian", Journal of the International Phonetic Alphabet 24 (2): 91–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005090 
  • Traunmüller, Hartmut (1982), "Vokalismus in der westniederösterreichischen Mundart.", Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik 2: 289–333, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006290 
  • Uldall, Hans Jørgen (1933), A Danish Phonetic Reader, The London phonetic readers, London: University of London Press 
  • Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetik, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 82-990584-0-6 
  • Zimmer, Karl; Orgun, Orhan (1999), "Turkish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet (PDF), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 154–158, ISBN 0-521-65236-7 
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