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Open-mid back rounded vowel
| Open-mid back rounded vowel | |
|---|---|
| Template:Infobox IPA/format numbers | |
| IPA number | 306 |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) |
Template:Infobox IPA/format numbers |
| Unicode (hex) | Template:Infobox IPA/format numbers |
| X-SAMPA |
O |
| Kirshenbaum |
O |
| Braille | 25px |
| Template:Infobox IPA/format numbers | |
The open-mid back rounded vowel, or low-mid back rounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɔ⟩. The IPA symbol is a turned letter c and both the symbol and the sound are commonly called "open-o". The name open-o represents the sound, in that it is like the sound represented by ⟨o⟩, the close-mid back rounded vowel, except it is more open. It also represents the symbol, which can be remembered as an o which has been "opened" by removing part of the closed circular shape.
The IPA prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowels, and the name of the article follows this. However, a large number of linguists, perhaps a majority, prefer the terms "high" and "low".
Features
| IPA vowel chart | |||||||||||||||||||
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| Paired vowels are: unrounded • rounded | |||||||||||||||||||
| This table contains phonetic symbols, which may not display correctly in some browsers. [Help] | |||||||||||||||||||
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[[help:IPA#REDIRECTmw:Help:Magic words#Other This page is a soft redirect.IPA help]] • [[Help:IPA for English#REDIRECTmw:Help:Magic words#Other This page is a soft redirect.IPA key]] • [[:file:IPA vowel chart 2005.png#REDIRECTmw:Help:Magic words#Other This page is a soft redirect.chart]] • 11px [[IPA vowel chart with audio#REDIRECTmw:Help:Magic words#Other This page is a soft redirect.chart with audio]] • [[Template:IPA chart/table vowels#REDIRECTmw:Help:Magic words#Other This page is a soft redirect.view]] | |||||||||||||||||||
- Its vowel height is open-mid, also known as low-mid, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between an open vowel (a low vowel) and a mid vowel.
- Its vowel backness is back, which means the tongue is positioned as far back as possible in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant. Note that unrounded back vowels tend to be centralized, which means that often they are in fact near-back.
- Its roundedness is protruded, which means that the corners of the lips are drawn together, and the inner surfaces exposed.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albanian | po | [pɔ] | 'yes' | ||
| Armenian | Eastern[1] | հողմ | [hɔʁm] | 'storm' | |
| Assyrian Neo-Aramaic | khwara | [χwɔːra] | 'white' | Used exclusively in the Urmian dialect. Corresponds to /ɒ/ in most of the other varieties. | |
| Bamana | wɔɔrɔ | [wɔːrɔ] | 'six' | ||
| Bavarian | Amstetten dialect[2] | [example needed] | May be transcribed /ɒ/.[2] | ||
| Bengali | বস | [bɔʃ] | 'sit' | See Bengali phonology | |
| Catalan[3] | soc | [ˈsɔk] | 'clog' | See Catalan phonology | |
| Chinese | Cantonese | 我 ngo5 | [ŋɔː˩˧] | 'I' | See Cantonese phonology |
| Mandarin | 我 wǒ | [wɔ˨˩˦] | 'I' | See Mandarin phonology | |
| Min | 五 gōo | [ɡɔ˨] | 'five' | ||
| Wu | 跑 bo | [bɔ˨˩˦] | 'run' | ||
| Danish | Standard[4][5][6][7] | og | [ɔʊ̯] | 'and' | Slightly lowered,[4][5][6][7] also described as ⟨[[open back rounded vowel#REDIRECTmw:Help:Magic words#Other This page is a soft redirect.ɒ]]⟩[8] - the way it is most often transcribed. See Danish phonology |
| Dutch | Standard Belgian[9] | och | About this sound [ʔɔˤx] (help·info) | 'alas' | 'Very tense, with strong lip-rounding',[10] strongly pharyngealized[11] (although less so in standard Belgian[12]) and somewhat fronted.[9][13] See Dutch phonology |
| Standard Netherlandic[13] | |||||
| Amelands | hôl | [hɔːl] | 'hollow' | ||
| Belgian | nauw | [nɔ̞ː] | 'narrow' | Some dialects. Corresponds to [ɔu] in standard Belgian Dutch. | |
| Dutch Low Saxon | taol | [tɔːɫ] | 'language' | May be lower [ɒː] in some dialects. | |
| English | Australian[14] | not | About this sound [nɔt] (help·info) | 'not' | See Australian English phonology |
| Cockney | May also be as open as [ɒ], like in traditional RP. | ||||
| Estuary[15] | |||||
| New Dublin | Other Dublin accents use a lower sound [[[open back rounded vowel#REDIRECTmw:Help:Magic words#Other This page is a soft redirect.ɒ]] ~ [[open back unrounded vowel#REDIRECTmw:Help:Magic words#Other This page is a soft redirect.ɑ]] ~ [[open front unrounded vowel#REDIRECTmw:Help:Magic words#Other This page is a soft redirect.a]]], which differs from /ɔː/ entirely by length. | ||||
| New Zealand[16] | May be somewhat fronted.[17] Often transcribed /ɒ/. | ||||
| Received Pronunciation[18] | /ɒ/ has shifted up in emerging RP. | ||||
| General American[19] | thought | [θɔːt] | 'thought' | Mainly in speakers without the cot–caught merger. It may be from lower [ɒ]. | |
| Norfolk[20] | |||||
| Older Received Pronunciation[21] | Higher [ɔ̝ː] for most other speakers. | ||||
| Scottish[22] | Many Scottish dialects exhibit the cot-caught merger, the outcome of which is a vowel of [ɔ] quality. | ||||
| Sheffield[23] | goat | [gɔ:t] | 'goat' | ||
| Newfoundland[24] | but | [bɔt] | 'but' | Less commonly unrounded [ʌ].[24] See English phonology | |
| Faroese | góðan morgun | [ˌɡɔuwan ˈmɔɹɡʊn] | 'good morning' | ||
| French[25] | sort | [sɔ̜ːʁ] | 'fate' | See French phonology | |
| Georgian[26] | სწორი | [st͡sʼɔɾi] | 'correct' | ||
| German | Standard[27] | voll | About this sound [fɔl] (help·info) | 'full' | See German phonology |
| Icelandic[28][29][30] | loft | [ˈlɔft] | 'air' | Often diphthongized to [oɔ] when long.[31] See Icelandic phonology | |
| Italian[32] | parola | About this sound [päˈrɔ̟ːlä] (help·info) | 'word' | Fronted. See Italian phonology | |
| Lao | ບ | [bɔː] | 'origin' | ||
| Lingala | mbɔ́ngɔ | [ᵐbɔ́ᵑɡɔ] | 'money' | See Lingala vowels. | |
| Macedonian | коњ | [kɔɲ] | 'horse' | See Macedonian phonology | |
| Occitan | òme | [ˈɔme] | 'man' | ||
| Polish[33] | kot | About this sound [kɔt̪] (help·info) | 'cat' | See Polish phonology | |
| Portuguese | Most dialects[34][35] | fofoca | [fɔˈfɔ̞kə] | 'gossip' | Stressed vowel might be lower. The presence and use of other unstressed ⟨o⟩ allophones, such as [[[mid back rounded vowel#REDIRECTmw:Help:Magic words#Other This page is a soft redirect.o̞]] [[close-mid back rounded vowel#REDIRECTmw:Help:Magic words#Other This page is a soft redirect.o]] [[near-close near-back vowel#REDIRECTmw:Help:Magic words#Other This page is a soft redirect.ʊ]] [[close back rounded vowel#REDIRECTmw:Help:Magic words#Other This page is a soft redirect.u]]], varies according to dialect. |
| Some speakers[36] | bronca | [ˈbɾɔ̃kə] | 'scolding' | Stressed vowel, allophone of nasal vowel /õ̞/. See Portuguese phonology | |
| Swedish | moll | [mɔl] | 'minor' | See Swedish phonology | |
| Tajik | тоҷикӣ | [tɔːdʒɪˈkiː] | 'Tajik language' | ||
| Ukrainian | вовк | [ˈvɔwk] | 'wolf' | See Ukrainian phonology | |
| Uzbek | O'zbek | [ɔzˈbek] | 'Uzbek' | ||
| Vietnamese | to | [tɔ] | 'large' | See Vietnamese phonology | |
| West Frisian | bôle | [ˈbɔːɫə] | 'bread' | ||
See also
References
- ^ Dum-Tragut (2009:13)
- ^ a b Traunmüller (1982), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:290)
- ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:54)
- ^ a b Grønnum (1998:100)
- ^ a b Grønnum (2005:268)
- ^ a b Grønnum (2003)
- ^ a b Basbøll (2005:47)
- ^ Allan, Holmes & Lundskær-Nielsen (2000:17)
- ^ a b Verhoeven (2005:245)
- ^ Collins & Mees (2003:132)
- ^ Collins & Mees (2003:132, 222 and 224)
- ^ Collins & Mees (2003:222)
- ^ a b Gussenhoven (1992:47)
- ^ Harrington, Cox & Evans (1997)
- ^ Wells (1982a:305)
- ^ Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009a)
- ^ Bauer et al. (2007:98)
- ^ Wikström (2013:45), "It seems to be the case that younger RP or near-RP speakers typically use a closer quality, possibly approaching Cardinal 6 considering that the quality appears to be roughly intermediate between that used by older speakers for the LOT vowel and that used for the THOUGHT vowel, while older speakers use a more open quality, between Cardinal Vowels 13 and 6."
- ^ Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009b)
- ^ Lodge (2009:168)
- ^ Wells (1982a:293)
- ^ Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006:7)
- ^ Stoddart, Upton and Widowson in Urban Voices, Arnold, London, 1999, page 74
- ^ a b Wells (1982b:498)
- ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993:73)
- ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006:261–262)
- ^ Mangold (2005:37)
- ^ Árnason (2011:60)
- ^ Einarsson (1945:10), cited in Gussmann (2011:73)
- ^ Haugen (1958:65)
- ^ Árnason (2011:57–60)
- ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:119)
- ^ Jassem (2003:105)
- ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
- ^ Variação inter- e intra-dialetal no português brasileiro: um problema para a teoria fonológica – Seung-Hwa LEE & Marco A. de Oliveira
- ^ Lista das marcas dialetais e ouros fenómenos de variação (fonética e fonológica) identificados nas amostras do Arquivo Dialetal do CLUP Invalid language code.
Bibliography
- Allan, Robin; Holmes, Philip; Lundskær-Nielsen, Tom (2000), Danish: An Essential Grammar, London: Routledge, ISBN 0-19-824268-9
- Árnason, Kristján (2011), The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-922931-4
- Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, ISBN 0-203-97876-5
- Bauer, Laurie; Warren, Paul; Bardsley, Dianne; Kennedy, Marianna; Major, George (2007), "New Zealand English", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 37 (1): 97–102, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002830
- Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003), The Phonetics of English and Dutch, Fifth Revised Edition (PDF), ISBN 9004103406
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223
- Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
- Einarsson, Stefán (1945), Icelandic. Grammar texts glossary., Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, ISBN 978-0801863578
- Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), "French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874
- Grønnum, Nina (1998), "Illustrations of the IPA: Danish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 28 (1 & 2): 99–105, doi:10.1017/s0025100300006290
- Grønnum, Nina (2003), Why are the Danes so hard to understand?
- Grønnum, Nina (2005), Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk (3rd ed.), Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag, ISBN 87-500-3865-6
- Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X
- Gussmann, Edmund (2011). "Getting your head around: the vowel system of Modern Icelandic" (PDF). Folia Scandinavica Posnaniensia 12: 71–90. ISBN 978-83-232-2296-5.
- Harrington, J.; Cox, F.; Evans, Z. (1997), "An acoustic phonetic study of broad, general, and cultivated Australian English vowels", Australian Journal of Linguistics 17: 155–84, doi:10.1080/07268609708599550
- Haugen, Einar (1958). "The Phonemics of Modern Icelandic". Language 34 (1): 55–88. JSTOR 411276. doi:10.2307/411276.
- Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19814-8.
- Lodge, Ken (2009), A Critical Introduction to Phonetics, ISBN 978-0-8264-8873-2
- Mangold, Max (2005), Das Aussprachewörterbuch, Duden, ISBN 9783411040667
- Mannell, R.; Cox, F.; Harrington, J. (2009a), An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology, Macquarie University
- Mannell, R.; Cox, F.; Harrington, J. (2009b), An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology, Macquarie University
- Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
- Scobbie, James M; Gordeeva, Olga B.; Matthews, Benjamin (2006), Acquisition of Scottish English Phonology: an overview, Edinburgh: QMU Speech Science Research Centre Working Papers
- Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
- Traunmüller, Hartmut (1982), "Vokalismus in der westniederösterreichischen Mundart.", Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik 2: 289–333, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006290
- Verhoeven, Jo (2005), "Belgian Standard Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 35 (2): 245, doi:10.1017/S0025100305002173
- Wells, John C. (1982a), Accents of English, 2: The British Isles, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Wells, John C. (1982b), Accents of English, III: Beyond the British Isles, Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-28541-0
- Wikström, Jussi (2013), "An acoustic study of the RP English LOT and THOUGHT vowels", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 43 (1): 37–47, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000345
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