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Open-mid front rounded vowel
| Open-mid front rounded vowel | |
|---|---|
| Template:Infobox IPA/format numbers | |
| IPA number | 311 |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) |
Template:Infobox IPA/format numbers |
| Unicode (hex) | Template:Infobox IPA/format numbers |
| X-SAMPA |
9 |
| Kirshenbaum |
W |
| Braille | 25px |
| Template:Infobox IPA/format numbers | |
| This article needs additional citations for verification. (May 2015) |
The open-mid front rounded vowel, or low-mid front rounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨œ⟩. The symbol œ is a lowercase ligature of the letters o and e. Note that ⟨ɶ⟩, a small caps version of the ⟨Œ⟩ ligature, is used for a distinct vowel sound: the open front rounded vowel.
The IPA prefers terms "close" and "open" for vowels, and the name of the article follows this. However, a large number of linguists, perhaps a majority, prefer the terms "high" and "low".
Contents
Open-mid front compressed vowel
Features
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| Paired vowels are: unrounded • rounded | |||||||||||||||||||
| This table contains phonetic symbols, which may not display correctly in some browsers. [Help] | |||||||||||||||||||
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[[help:IPA#REDIRECTmw:Help:Magic words#Other This page is a soft redirect.IPA help]] • [[Help:IPA for English#REDIRECTmw:Help:Magic words#Other This page is a soft redirect.IPA key]] • [[:file:IPA vowel chart 2005.png#REDIRECTmw:Help:Magic words#Other This page is a soft redirect.chart]] • 11px [[IPA vowel chart with audio#REDIRECTmw:Help:Magic words#Other This page is a soft redirect.chart with audio]] • [[Template:IPA chart/table vowels#REDIRECTmw:Help:Magic words#Other This page is a soft redirect.view]] | |||||||||||||||||||
- Its vowel height is open-mid, also known as low-mid, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between an open vowel (a low vowel) and a mid vowel.
- Its vowel backness is front, which means the tongue is positioned as far forward as possible in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant. Note that rounded front vowels are often centralized, which means that often they are in fact near-front.
- Its roundedness is compressed, which means that the margins of the lips are tense and drawn together in such a way that the inner surfaces are not exposed.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Azeri | öküz | [œˈcyz] | 'ox' | ||
| Afrikaans | suid | [sœjt] | 'south' | ||
| Armenian | Western Armenian | Էօժենի | [œʒɛˈni] | 'Eugenie' | |
| Bavarian | Amstetten dialect[1] | Seil | [sœ̠ː] | 'rope' | Near-front; may be transcribed /ɶ/.[1] |
| Chinese | Cantonese | 靴 hoe1 | [hœː˥] | 'boots' | See Cantonese phonology |
| Mandarin | 月 yuè | [ɥœ˥˩] | 'moon' | See Mandarin phonology | |
| Wu | 碗 | [ɰœ˩˧] | 'bowl' | ||
| Danish | Standard[2][3][4] | gøre | [ˈɡ̊œ̠ːɐ] | 'to do, perform' | Near-front.[2][3] Most often, it is transcribed /œ̞ː/ or the same as /ɶː/. See Danish phonology |
| Dutch | Southern | uit | [œːt] | 'out' | Some dialects, corresponds to [œy] in standard Dutch. See Dutch phonology |
| The Hague[5] | Corresponds to [œy] in standard Dutch. | ||||
| Limburg | hut | [hœt] | 'hut' | Some dialects. Corresponds to [ɵ] in standard Dutch. | |
| English | Cockney[6] | bird | [bœ̠ːd] | 'bird' | Near-front.[6] May as well be unrounded [ɜ̟ː], or the RP variant /ɜː/. |
| New Zealand[7] | Near-front;[7] may be [ɵ̟ː] or [ø̞̈ː] instead. See English phonology | ||||
| General South African[8] |
go | [ɡœː] | 'go' | Some speakers. Can be a diphthong of the type [œʉ]~[œɤ̈] instead. Other South African varieties don't monophthongize. | |
| Faroese | løgdu | [lœdːʊ] | 'laid' (pl.) | ||
| French[9] | jeune | [ʒœn] | 'young' | See French phonology | |
| German | Standard[10] | Hölle | [ˈhœ̞̈lə] | 'hell' | Near-front and somewhat lowered.[10] See German phonology |
| Lori | shö | [ʃœ] | 'night' | ||
| North Frisian | blömk | [blœmk] | 'flower' | ||
| Norwegian | Standard Eastern[11] | øl | [œ̠l̪] | 'beer' | Near-front.[11] See Norwegian phonology |
| Mongolian | Chakhar | ᠣᠨᠢᠰᠤ | [œnʲs] | 'lock' | The standard dialect in Inner Mongolia. |
| Occitan | Auvergnat | puei | [pœj] | 'then' | Some dialects, especially the northern ones |
| Limousin | |||||
| Western Lombard | fioeu | [fjœː] | 'son' | Old Milanese; now an allophone of /ø/ | |
Icelandic ⟨ö⟩ is often transcribed as /œ/, but it is actually central [ɞ].[12][13][14]
Open-mid front protruded vowel
| Open-mid front protruded vowel | |
|---|---|
| œʷ | |
| ɛʷ | |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) |
Template:Infobox IPA/format numbers |
| Unicode (hex) | Template:Infobox IPA/format numbers |
| Template:Infobox IPA/format numbers | |
Catford notes that most languages with rounded front and back vowels use distinct types of labialization, protruded back vowels and compressed front vowels. However, a few languages, such as Scandinavian ones, have protruded front vowels. One of these, Swedish, even contrasts the two types of rounding in front vowels (see near-close near-front rounded vowel, with Swedish examples of both types of rounding).
As there are no diacritics in the IPA to distinguish protruded and compressed rounding, ⟨œʷ⟩ (an open-mid front rounded vowel modified by endolabialization) will be used here as an ad hoc symbol for protruded open-mid front vowels.
Features
- Its vowel height is open-mid, also known as low-mid, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between an open vowel (a low vowel) and a mid vowel.
- Its vowel backness is front, which means the tongue is positioned as far forward as possible in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant. Note that rounded front vowels are often centralized, which means that often they are in fact near-front.
- Its roundedness is protruded, which means that the corners of the lips are drawn together, and the inner surfaces exposed.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Swedish | Central Standard[15][16][17] | öra | About this sound [ˈœ̠̂ʷːˈrâ] (help·info) | 'ear' | Allophone of /œ/ and most often also /øː/ before /r/.[15][16][17] May be more open [[[open front rounded vowel#REDIRECTmw:Help:Magic words#Other This page is a soft redirect.ɶ]], [[open front rounded vowel#REDIRECTmw:Help:Magic words#Other This page is a soft redirect.ɶː]]] for younger speakers from Stockholm.[17] See Swedish phonology |
| Stockholm[17] | köpa | [ˈɕœ̠ʷːˈpa] | 'to buy' | Realization of /øː, œ/ for younger speakers.[17] Higher [[[close-mid front rounded vowel#REDIRECTmw:Help:Magic words#Other This page is a soft redirect.øː]], [[mid front rounded vowel#REDIRECTmw:Help:Magic words#Other This page is a soft redirect.œ̝]]] for other speakers. See Swedish phonology | |
| Southwestern dialects | Corresponds to [øː] in Central Standard Swedish. See Swedish phonology | ||||
References
- ^ a b Traunmüller (1982), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:290)
- ^ a b Grønnum (1998:100)
- ^ a b Grønnum (2003)
- ^ Basbøll (2005:46): "Nina Grønnum uses two different symbols for the vowels in these and similar words: gøre she transcribes with [œ̞] (semi-narrow transcription) and [œ] (narrow transcription), and grøn she transcribes with [ɶ] (semi-narrow transcription) and [ɶ̝] (narrow transcription). Clearly, there is variation within Standard Danish on this point, cf. the end of the present s. 2.2."
- ^ Collins & Mees (2003:136)
- ^ a b Wells (1982:305)
- ^ a b Roca & Johnson (1999:188)
- ^ Lass (2002:118)
- ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993:73)
- ^ a b Mangold (2005:37)
- ^ a b Vanvik (1979:13)
- ^ Einarsson (1945:10), cited in Gussmann (2011:73)
- ^ Haugen (1958:65)
- ^ "Icelandic Phonetic Transcription.PDF - ptg_ice.pdf" (PDF). Retrieved 23 March 2015.
- ^ a b Eliasson (1986:273)
- ^ a b Thorén & Petterson (1992:13–14)
- ^ a b c d e Riad (2014:38)
Bibliography
- Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, ISBN 0-203-97876-5
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003), The Phonetics of English and Dutch, Fifth Revised Edition (PDF), ISBN 9004103406
- Einarsson, Stefán (1945), Icelandic. Grammar texts glossary., Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, ISBN 978-0801863578
- Eliasson, Stig (1986), "Sandhi in Peninsular Scandinavian", in Anderson, Henning, Sandhi Phenomena in the Languages of Europe, Berlin: de Gruyter, pp. 271–300
- Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L. (1993), "French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874
- Grønnum, Nina (1998), "Illustrations of the IPA: Danish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 28 (1 & 2): 99–105, doi:10.1017/s0025100300006290
- Grønnum, Nina (2003), Why are the Danes so hard to understand?
- Gussmann, Edmund (2011). "Getting your head around: the vowel system of Modern Icelandic" (PDF). Folia Scandinavica Posnaniensia 12: 71–90. ISBN 978-83-232-2296-5.
- Haugen, Einar (1958). "The Phonemics of Modern Icelandic". Language 34 (1): 55–88. JSTOR 411276. doi:10.2307/411276.
- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19814-8.
- Lass, Roger (2002), "South African English", in Mesthrie, Rajend, Language in South Africa, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521791052
- Mangold, Max (2005), Das Aussprachewörterbuch, Duden, p. 37, ISBN 9783411040667
- Riad, Tomas (2014), The Phonology of Swedish, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-954357-1
- Roca, Iggy; Johnson, Wyn (1999), A Course in Phonology, Blackwell Publishing
- Thorén, Bosse; Petterson, Nils-Owe (1992), Svenska Utifrån Uttalsanvisningar, ISBN 91-520-0284-5
- Traunmüller, Hartmut (1982), "Vokalismus in der westniederösterreichischen Mundart.", Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik 2: 289–333, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006290
- Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetik, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 82-990584-0-6
- Wells, J.C. (1982), Accents of English, 2: The British Isles, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
