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Open-mid front unrounded vowel
Open-mid front unrounded vowel | |
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Template:Infobox IPA/format numbers | |
IPA number | 303 |
Encoding | |
Entity (decimal) |
Template:Infobox IPA/format numbers |
Unicode (hex) | Template:Infobox IPA/format numbers |
X-SAMPA |
E |
Kirshenbaum |
E |
Braille | 25px |
Template:Infobox IPA/format numbers |
The open-mid front unrounded vowel, or low-mid front unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is a Latinized variant of the Greek lowercase epsilon, ⟨ɛ⟩.
The IPA prefers terms "close" and "open" for vowels, and the name of the article follows this. However, a large number of linguists, perhaps a majority, prefer the terms "high" and "low".
Features
IPA vowel chart | |||||||||||||||||||
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Paired vowels are: unrounded • rounded | |||||||||||||||||||
This table contains phonetic symbols, which may not display correctly in some browsers. [Help] | |||||||||||||||||||
[[help:IPA#REDIRECTmw:Help:Magic words#Other This page is a soft redirect.IPA help]] • [[Help:IPA for English#REDIRECTmw:Help:Magic words#Other This page is a soft redirect.IPA key]] • [[:file:IPA vowel chart 2005.png#REDIRECTmw:Help:Magic words#Other This page is a soft redirect.chart]] • 11px [[IPA vowel chart with audio#REDIRECTmw:Help:Magic words#Other This page is a soft redirect.chart with audio]] • [[Template:IPA chart/table vowels#REDIRECTmw:Help:Magic words#Other This page is a soft redirect.view]] |
- Its vowel height is open-mid, also known as low-mid, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between an open vowel (a low vowel) and a mid vowel.
- Its vowel backness is front, which means the tongue is positioned as far forward as possible in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant. Note that rounded front vowels are often centralized, which means that often they are in fact near-front.
- It is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.
Occurrence
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Akan | pɛ | [pʰɛ] | 'to like/love' | ||
Albanian | tre | [tɾɛ] | 'three' | ||
Arabic | كريب | [kɾɛp] | 'crêpe' | Only in loanwords | |
Bavarian | Amstetten dialect[1] | [example needed] | May be transcribed /æ/.[1] | ||
Catalan[2] | mel | [mɛɫ] | 'honey' | See Catalan phonology | |
Armenian | Eastern[3] | էջ | [ɛd͡ʒ] | 'page' | |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic | mes | [mɛːs] | 'table' | Used predominantly in the Tyari, Barwari and Chaldean Neo-Aramaic dialects. Corresponds to [i] in other varieties. | |
Chinese | Cantonese | 蛇 se4 | [sɛː˩] | 'snake' | See Cantonese phonology |
Mandarin | 斜 xié | [ɕjɛ˧˥] | 'tilted' | See Mandarin phonology | |
Wu | 顏 ngae | [ŋɛ˥˨] | 'face' | ||
Czech | Amerika | [ˈämɛrɪkä] | 'America' | See Czech phonology | |
Danish | Standard[4][5][6][7] | frisk | [ˈfʁ̞ɛsɡ̊] | 'fresh' | Most often transcribed /æ/. See Danish phonology |
Dutch | Standard | bed | About this sound [bɛt] (help·info) | 'bed' | See Dutch phonology |
Leiden | jij | About this sound [jɛ̞ː] (help·info) | 'you' | Corresponds to [ɛi] in standard Dutch. | |
Nijmegen | |||||
The Hague[8] | |||||
Southern | Some dialects, corresponds to [ɛi] in standard Dutch. | ||||
English | Canadian | bed | About this sound [bɛd] (help·info) | 'bed' | |
General American[9] | |||||
Irish | |||||
Northern English[10] | May be somewhat lowered.[11] | ||||
Received Pronunciation[12][13] | Older RP speakers pronounce a closer vowel [e̞]. See English phonology | ||||
Scottish[14] | |||||
Southern English | |||||
Broad Australian | fat | [fɛt] | 'fat' | Lower [æ] for other speakers. | |
Cockney[15] | |||||
Malaysian | These accents have a met-mat merger. | ||||
Singaporean[16] | |||||
New Zealand[17] | |||||
South African[18] | Some broad speakers. Others pronounce [[[near-open front unrounded vowel#REDIRECTmw:Help:Magic words#Other This page is a soft redirect.æ]] ~ [[open front unrounded vowel#REDIRECTmw:Help:Magic words#Other This page is a soft redirect.a]]]. | ||||
Southern English | Some dialects. Other speakers pronounce a more open vowel [[[near-open front unrounded vowel#REDIRECTmw:Help:Magic words#Other This page is a soft redirect.æ]] ~ [[open front unrounded vowel#REDIRECTmw:Help:Magic words#Other This page is a soft redirect.a]]]. | ||||
Belfast[19] | days | [dɛːz] | 'days' | Pronounced [iə] in closed syllables; corresponds to [eɪ] in RP. | |
Zulu[20] | mate | [mɛt] | 'mate' | Speakers with a met-mate merger. | |
Faroese | elska | [ɛlska] | 'love' | ||
French[21] | bête | About this sound [bɛt̪] (help·info) | 'beast' | See French phonology | |
Galician | pé | [pɛ] | 'foot' | ||
Georgian[22] | გედი | [ɡɛdɪ] | 'swan' | ||
German | Standard[23] | Bett | About this sound [bɛtʰ] (help·info) | 'bed' | More like [ɛ̝̈] on the vowel chart in Kohler (1999). See German phonology |
Hindustani | شَہَر / शहर | [ʃɛɦɛr] | 'city' | See Hindustani phonology | |
Hungarian | nem | [nɛm] | 'no' | See Hungarian phonology | |
Icelandic[24][25][26] | kenna | [ˈcʰɛnːa] | 'to teach' | Often diphthongized to [eɛ] when long.[27] See Icelandic phonology | |
Italian[28] | bene | About this sound [ˈbɛːne] (help·info) | 'good' | See Italian phonology | |
Korean | 태도 | [tʰɛː.do] | 'attitude' | See Korean phonology | |
Lithuanian | mane | [mɐˈnʲɛ] | 'me' (acc.) | ||
Luxembourgish[29] | drécken | [ˈdʀɛkən] | 'to push' | Allophone of /e/ before velar consonants; in free variation with [e]. | |
Macedonian | елен | [ˈɛl̪ɛn̪] | 'deer' | See Macedonian phonology | |
Ngwe | Njoagwi dialect | [lɛ̀rɛ́] | 'eye' | ||
North Frisian | tech | [tɛx] | 'closed' | ||
Polish[30] | ten | About this sound [t̪ɛn̪] (help·info) | 'this one' (masc. nom.) | See Polish phonology | |
Portuguese | Most dialects[31][32] | meleca | [mɛˈl̪ɛ̞kə] | 'goo' | Stressed vowel might be lower [æ]. The presence and use of other unstressed ⟨e⟩ allophones, such as [[[mid front unrounded vowel#REDIRECTmw:Help:Magic words#Other This page is a soft redirect.e̞]] [[close-mid front unrounded vowel#REDIRECTmw:Help:Magic words#Other This page is a soft redirect.e]] [[near-close near-front unrounded vowel#REDIRECTmw:Help:Magic words#Other This page is a soft redirect.ɪ]] [[close front unrounded vowel#REDIRECTmw:Help:Magic words#Other This page is a soft redirect.i]] [[near-close near-back vowel#REDIRECTmw:Help:Magic words#Other This page is a soft redirect.ɨ]]], varies according to dialect. |
Some speakers[33] | tempo | [ˈt̪ɛ̃pu] | 'time', 'weather' | Stressed vowel, allophone of nasal vowel /ẽ̞/. See Portuguese phonology | |
Romanian | Transylvanian dialects[34] | vede | [vɛɟe][stress?] | '(he) sees' | Corresponds to mid [e̞][in which environments?] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology |
Russian[35] | это | About this sound [ˈɛt̪ə] (help·info) | 'this' | See Russian phonology | |
Scottish Gaelic | aig | [ɛk] | 'at' | See Scottish Gaelic phonology | |
Seri | me | [mɛ] | 'you' | ||
Spanish | Eastern Andalusian[36] | las madres | [læ̞ː ˈmæ̞ːð̞ɾɛː] | 'the mothers' | Corresponds to [e̞] in other dialects, but in these dialects they're distinct. See Spanish phonology |
Murcian[36] | |||||
Swedish | Central Standard[37] | ät | [ɛ̠ːt̪] | 'eat' (imp.) | Somewhat retracted. See Swedish phonology |
Turkish | süre | [syɾɛ] | 'duration' | See Turkish phonology | |
Ukrainian | береза | About this sound [bɛˈrɛz̪ɐ] (help·info) | 'birch' | See Ukrainian phonology | |
Vietnamese | e | [ɛ] | 'to fear' | See Vietnamese phonology | |
West Frisian | têd | [tɛːt] | 'languid' | ||
Yoruba | ẹsẹ̀ | [ɛ̄sɛ] | 'leg' |
The vowel transcribed /ɛ/ in Standard Eastern Norwegian is actually mid.[38]
See also
References
- ^ a b Traunmüller (1982), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:290)
- ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:54)
- ^ Dum-Tragut (2009:13)
- ^ Grønnum (1998:100)
- ^ Grønnum (2005:268)
- ^ Grønnum (2003)
- ^ Basbøll (2005:45)
- ^ Collins & Mees (2003:136)
- ^ Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009a)
- ^ Lodge (2009:163), Watson (2007:357), Watt & Allen (2003:268)
- ^ Lodge (2009:163)
- ^ Schmitt (2007:322–323)
- ^ "Received Pronunciation". British Library. Retrieved 2013-05-26.
- ^ Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006:7)
- ^ Hughes & Trudgill (1979:35)
- ^ Bet Hashim & Brown (2000)
- ^ Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009b)
- ^ Lanham (1967:9)
- ^ "Week 18 (ii). Northern Ireland" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-05-26.[better source needed]
- ^ Rodrik Wade, MA Thesis, Ch 4: Structural characteristics of Zulu English at the Wayback Machine (archived May 17, 2008)
- ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993:73)
- ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006:261–262)
- ^ Mangold (2005:37)
- ^ Árnason (2011:60)
- ^ Einarsson (1945:10), cited in Gussmann (2011:73)
- ^ Haugen (1958:65)
- ^ Árnason (2011:57–60)
- ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:119)
- ^ Gilles & Trouvain (2013:70)
- ^ Jassem (2003:105)
- ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
- ^ Variação inter- e intra-dialetal no português brasileiro: um problema para a teoria fonológica – Seung-Hwa LEE & Marco A. de Oliveira
- ^ Lista das marcas dialetais e ouros fenómenos de variação (fonética e fonológica) identificados nas amostras do Arquivo Dialetal do CLUP
- ^ Pop (1938), p. 29.
- ^ Jones & Ward (1969:41)
- ^ a b Zamora Vicente (1967:?)
- ^ Engstrand (1999:140)
- ^ Vanvik (1979:13)
Bibliography
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- Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, ISBN 0-203-97876-5
- Bet Hashim, Suzanna; Brown, Adam (2000), "The [e] and [æ] vowels in Singapore English", in Brown, Adam; Deterding, David; Ling, Low Ee Ling, The English Language in Singapore: Research on Pronunciation, Singapore: Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics, pp. 84–92, ISBN 981-04-2598-8
- Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003), The Phonetics of English and Dutch, Fifth Revised Edition (PDF), ISBN 9004103406
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223
- Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
- Einarsson, Stefán (1945), Icelandic. Grammar texts glossary., Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, ISBN 978-0801863578
- Engstrand, Olle (1999), "Swedish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 140, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
- Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L. (1993), "French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874
- Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
- Grønnum, Nina (1998), "Illustrations of the IPA: Danish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 28 (1 & 2): 99–105, doi:10.1017/s0025100300006290
- Grønnum, Nina (2003), Why are the Danes so hard to understand?
- Grønnum, Nina (2005), Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk (3rd ed.), Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag, ISBN 87-500-3865-6
- Gussmann, Edmund (2011). "Getting your head around: the vowel system of Modern Icelandic" (PDF). Folia Scandinavica Posnaniensia 12: 71–90. ISBN 978-83-232-2296-5.
- Haugen, Einar (1958). "The Phonemics of Modern Icelandic". Language 34 (1): 55–88. JSTOR 411276. doi:10.2307/411276.
- Hughes, Arthur; Trudgill, Peter (1979), English Accents and Dialects: An Introduction to Social and Regional Varieties of British English, Baltimore: University Park Press
- Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
- Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press
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- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19814-8.
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