Frequent Links
Portuguese Braille
Portuguese Braille | |
---|---|
Type |
alphabet |
Languages | Portuguese |
Parent systems |
Braille
|
Print basis | Portuguese alphabet |
Sister systems | Spanish Braille |
Portuguese Braille is the braille alphabet of the Portuguese language, both in Portugal and in Brazil. It is very close to French Braille, with slight modification of the accented letters and some differences in punctuation.
Alphabet
The French Braille letters for vowels with a grave accent in print tend to be used for vowels with an acute accents in Portuguese Braille. (See French Braille#Similar alphabets. The French vowels ⠪ œ and ⠜ ä are used for the Portuguese nasal vowels õ and ã. In numerical order, the letters are:
40px
a40px
b40px
c40px
d40px
e40px
f40px
g40px
h40px
i40px
j40px
k40px
l40px
m40px
n40px
o40px
p40px
q40px
r40px
s40px
t40px
u40px
v40px
x40px
y40px
z40px
ç40px
é40px
á40px
è40px
ú40px
â40px
ê40px
ì40px
ô40px
ù40px
à40px
ï40px
ü40px
õ40px
w, ò40px
í40px
ó40px
ã
Punctuation
Punctuation is nearly identical to that of Spanish Braille.
Single punctuation:
40px | 40px | 40px | 40px | 40px | 40px | 40px | 40px | 40px40px | 40px40px | 40px | 40px40px | 40px |
, | .[1] | ' | ? | ! | ; | : | - | – | — | * | / | | |
The en dash is written on the middle dots, while the em dash is written on the bottom dots.
40px40px | 40px | 40px40px | 40px40px | 40px40px40px |
• | & | → | ← | ↔ |
Paired punctuation:
40px40px40px | 40px40px40px40px40px | 40px40px40px40px40px |
“ ... ” (outer quotes) |
« ... » (inner quotes) |
‘ ... ’ etc. (innermost quotes) |
40px40px40px | 40px40px40px40px40px | 40px40px40px | 40px40px40px40px40px |
( ...... ) | ( ...... ) | [ ...... ] | [ ...... ] |
The two sets of parentheses and square brackets are alternatives. Many sources give only one, usually the second.
Numbers
Digits are the international norm of the first ten letters of the alphabet marked by ⠼.
The number sign takes the place of spaces within a number such as a serial number. For example, A (46 1) is transcribed ⠨⠁⠀⠣⠼⠙⠋⠼⠁⠜.
Additional symbols:
40px | 40px40px | 40px40px | 40px40px40px | 40px40px | 40px | 40px | 40px40px |
$ | € | % | ‰ | § | ° | ′ | ″ |
The real sign is typically used like a decimal point: 4$50.
For arithmetic:
40px | 40px | 40px | 40px | 40px | 40px40px | 40px | 40px |
+ | − | × | : | = | / (fraction) | > | < |
The fraction bar ⠐⠲ is equivalent to either a virgule or horizontal bar in print. For exponents, use the superscript sign ⠡ below.
Formatting
40px | 40px | 40px40px | 40px40px40px | 40px | 40px | 40px | 40px | 40px |
(digit) | (Caps) | (ALL CAPS) | (emphasis) | (super- script) |
(sub- script) |
(l.c.) | (orig.) | (col.) |
⠨⠨ is used to indicate that an entire word is in upper case. For a series of words in upper case, a colon is added: ⠒⠨⠨.
Emphasis corresponds to bold or italic in print. As with brackets, a second sign indicates the end of the emphasized text.
The lower-case sign ⠐ is also used to mark that a line break occurs in the middle of a mathematical expression.
⠰ restores the original reading of a character.
⠿ is optionally used as a column marker when transcribing tables, especially those with empty cells, to clarify the alignment of the data. For example, the first line of the table at the top of this section would be, in a braille text,
- ⠿⠼⠀⠀⠿⠨⠀⠀⠿⠨⠨⠀⠿⠔⠀⠔⠿⠡⠀⠀⠿⠌⠀⠀⠿⠐⠀⠀⠿⠰⠀⠀⠿⠿⠀⠀
References
- ^ The ellipsis ⟨...⟩ is thus ⠄⠄⠄.
- UNESCO (2013) World Braille Usage, 3rd edition.
- Aprenda Braille na Internet
- Vocabulário de termos e expressões empregados no domínio do sistema Braille
- 1951 UNESCO report on standardizing Spanish and Portuguese Braille
|