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Rowing at the Summer Olympics
Rowing at the Summer Olympics has been part of the competition since its debut in the 1900 Summer Olympics. Rowing was on the program at the 1896 Summer Olympics but was cancelled due to bad weather. Only men were allowed to compete until the women's events were introduced at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal which gave national federations the incentive to support women's events and catalysed growth in women's rowing.[1] Lightweight rowing events (which have weight-limited crews) were introduced to the games in 1996. Qualifying for the rowing events is under the jurisdiction of the International Rowing Federation (or FISA, its French acronym). FISA predates the modern Olympics and was the first international sport federation to join the modern Olympic movement.
Contents
Events
At the current Olympics the following 14 events are offered:
- Men: Single sculls, Double sculls, Quadruple sculls, Coxless pair, Coxless four, Eight.
- Lightweight Men: Double Sculls, Coxless Four
- Women: Single Sculls, Double Sculls, Quad Sculls, Coxless Pair, Eight
- Lightweight Women: Double Sculls
The lightweight events were threatened in 2002 when the Programme Commission of the IOC recommended that, outside combat sports (boxing & wrestling, but not fencing, shooting, and archery) and weightlifting, there should not be weight-category events. The Executive Board overturned this recommendation and the lightweight rowing has been continued.
In the early games (1900 and 1904) there were several other categories of events (Junior, Novice, Association, and Intermediate). A number of other boat classes have made an appearance at several games (sometimes for a long time) but have been subsequently dropped – as recently as the 1990s. The primary loss has been in boats with coxwains, except for the eights, which have always been coxed. These were:
- Men's Coxed Pair (1900–1992)
- Men's Coxed Four (1900–1992)
- Women's Coxed Four (1976–1988)
- Women's Coxed Quad Sculls (1976–1984)
- Women's Coxless Four (1992 only)
- Men's Coxed Four with Inriggers[2] (1912 only)
- Six-Man Naval Rowing Boats (1906 only)
- 17-Man Naval Rowing Boats (1906 only)
The non-Olympic boatclasses (which still compete in World Championships) are today LM1X, LM4X, LM2-, LM8+, LW1X, LW4X, M2+ and W4-.
Race distances
Today all races are raced over a 2000 m course, but this did not become standard before the Stockholm Olympics in 1912. Before this it was raced over various distances. In Paris in 1900 (1750 m), in St. Louis in 1904 (3218 m), in London in 1908 (2412 m), and again in London in 1948 (1850 m). The 1908 and 1948 were held over the Henley Royal Regatta course.
Women's races were raced over 1,000 meters until 1988 when they were changed to 2,000 meters.[3]
Early games featured match races between two or three boats (in 1952, between four or five boats).
The modern six boat side-by-side format was first adopted at the 1936 Olympic Games, and has been the standard since the 1956 Olympic Games.
Qualification
There is a limited number of crews permitted to race, so the International Rowing Federation holds qualification events in order to determine who competes at the Olympic Games. At the Olympic Games, each National Olympic Committee can only have one boat per event.
The main qualification comes from the previous year's World Rowing Championships. Other qualifying events are called "Continental Qualification Regattas", of which four are held during the year preceding the games - Asia, Africa, Latin America, and Final (open to everyone else). Each year FISA issues details of how many crews qualify at each regatta.
At the World Championships, the top finishing boats guarantee a place for that country - the rowers in the crew can be changed before the games. At the qualification regattas, it is the crew that wins that qualifies for the Olympics, and no changes can be made (except in the cases of illness or injuries).
Medal table
| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | East Germany East Germany (GDR) | 33 | 7 | 8 | 48 |
| 2 | United States United States (USA) | 32 | 31 | 24 | 87 |
| 3 | Great Britain Great Britain (GBR) | 28 | 22 | 13 | 63 |
| 4 | Germany Germany (GER) | 21 | 13 | 14 | 48 |
| 5 | Romania Romania (ROU) | 19 | 10 | 8 | 37 |
| 6 | Soviet Union Soviet Union (URS) | 12 | 20 | 10 | 42 |
| 7 | Italy Italy (ITA) | 10 | 14 | 12 | 36 |
| 8 | Australia Australia (AUS) | 10 | 13 | 14 | 37 |
| 9 | Canada Canada (CAN) | 9 | 16 | 15 | 40 |
| 10 | New Zealand New Zealand (NZL) | 9 | 2 | 10 | 21 |
| 11 | Denmark Denmark (DEN) | 7 | 4 | 11 | 22 |
| 12 | France France (FRA) | 6 | 14 | 12 | 32 |
| 13 | Switzerland Switzerland (SUI) | 6 | 8 | 9 | 23 |
| 14 | Netherlands Netherlands (NED) | 5 | 11 | 11 | 27 |
| 15 | West Germany West Germany (FRG) | 4 | 4 | 6 | 14 |
| 16 | Unified Team of Germany Unified Team of Germany (EUA) | 4 | 4 | 1 | 9 |
| 17 | Norway Norway (NOR) | 3 | 6 | 5 | 14 |
| 18 | Bulgaria Bulgaria (BUL) | 3 | 4 | 7 | 14 |
| 19 | Poland Poland (POL) | 3 | 3 | 10 | 16 |
| 20 | Finland Finland (FIN) | 3 | 1 | 3 | 7 |
| 21 | Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia (TCH) | 2 | 2 | 7 | 11 |
| 22 | Belarus Belarus (BLR) | 2 | 1 | 4 | 7 |
| 23 | China China (CHN) | 1 | 4 | 2 | 7 |
| 24 | Czech Republic Czech Republic (CZE) | 1 | 3 | 0 | 4 |
| 25 | Slovenia Slovenia (SLO) | 1 | 1 | 3 | 5 |
| Yugoslavia Yugoslavia (YUG) | 1 | 1 | 3 | 5 | |
| 27 | Argentina Argentina (ARG) | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 |
| 28 | Ukraine Ukraine (UKR) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| 29 | Russia Russia (RUS) | 1 | 0 | 3 | 4 |
| 30 | South Africa South Africa (RSA) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| 31 | Mixed team Mixed team (ZZX) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 32 | Belgium Belgium (BEL) | 0 | 6 | 2 | 8 |
| 33 | Austria Austria (AUT) | 0 | 3 | 2 | 5 |
| 34 | Croatia Croatia (CRO) | 0 | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| 35 | Estonia Estonia (EST) | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| Sweden Sweden (SWE) | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | |
| 37 | Uruguay Uruguay (URU) | 0 | 1 | 3 | 4 |
| 38 | Hungary Hungary (HUN) | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| Greece Greece (GRE) | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | |
| 40 | Spain Spain (ESP) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 41 | Unified Team Unified Team (EUN) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Lithuania Lithuania (LTU) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
| Total | 240 | 240 | 243 | 723 | |
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Multiple medalists
The table shows those who have won at least 3 gold medals.
| Athlete (nation) | Olympics | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total | Notes |
| 22x20px Elisabeta Lipă Romania (ROU) |
1984, 1988, 1992, 1996, 2000, 2004 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 8 | 20 years between first and last gold medal |
| 22x20px Steve Redgrave Great Britain (GBR) |
1984, 1988, 1992, 1996, 2000 | 5 | 0 | 1 | 6 | Gold medals in 5 straight Games, 1984 Gold in the coxed four, 1988 Gold in the pair with Andy Holmes, 1992 and 1996 Gold in the pair with Matthew Pinsent and in 2000 Gold in the coxless four |
| 22x20px Georgeta Damian Romania (ROU) |
2000, 2004, 2008 | 5 | 0 | 1 | 6 | Won the pair and the eights in both 2000 and 2004, and the pair again in 2008 |
| 22x20px Doina Ignat Romania (ROU) |
1992, 1996, 2000, 2004, 2008 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 6 | Part of Romania's three-straight gold medalist eight |
| 22x20px Kathrin Boron Germany (GER) |
1992, 1996, 2000, 2004, 2008 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 5 | Four straight Olympic golds. Bronze in her final Olympics in the Quadruple Sculls |
| 22x20px Viorica Susanu Romania (ROU) |
1996, 2000, 2004, 2008 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 5 | Won three medals in the women's eight, and two in the pair |
| 22x20px Matthew Pinsent Great Britain (GBR) |
1992, 1996, 2000, 2004 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 4 | Four straight Olympic golds. Won with Steven Redgrave in the pair in 1992 and 1996. In the coxless four in 2000 and in 2004 |
| 22x20px Jack Beresford Great Britain (GBR) |
1920, 1924, 1928, 1932, 1936 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 5 | First rower to win a medal at 5 straight Olympics. WWII prevented the opportunity for a sixth medal |
| 22x20px Constanţa Burcică Romania (ROU) |
1992, 1996, 2000, 2004, 2008 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 5 | Won three gold medals in the women's lightweight double sculls |
| 22x20px Elena Georgescu Romania (ROU) |
1992, 1996, 2000, 2004, 2008 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 5 | Coxswain of Romania's women's eight |
| 22x20px Drew Ginn Australia (AUS) |
1996, 2004, 2008, 2012 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 4 | Member of the Oarsome Foursome |
| 22x20px Eskild Ebbesen Denmark (DEN) |
1996, 2000, 2004, 2008, 2012 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 5 | Won all his medals in the lightweight coxless four |
| 22x20px Marnie McBean Canada (CAN) |
1992, 1996 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 4 | Along with rowing partner Kathleen Heddle, Canadian with the most gold medals |
| 22x20px Kathleen Heddle Canada (CAN) |
1992, 1996 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 4 | Won all her medals with rowing partner Marnie McBean |
| 22x20px James Tomkins Australia (AUS) |
1992, 1996, 2000, 2004 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 4 | Most medaled Australian rower |
| 22x20px John B. Kelly, Sr. United States (USA) |
1920, 1924 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | First rower to win 3 gold medals. Father of movie star turned princess Grace Kelly |
| 22x20px Paul Costello United States (USA) |
1920, 1924, 1928 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | First man to win 3 gold medals in the same event, the double sculls. Cousin of John B. Kelly, Sr. |
| 22x20px Vyacheslav Ivanov Soviet Union (URS) |
1956, 1960, 1964 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | Won all his medals in the single sculls |
| 22x20px Siegfried Brietzke East Germany (GDR) |
1972, 1976, 1980 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | First German triple gold medalist. Won in the pair and the coxless four |
| 22x20px Pertti Karppinen Finland (FIN) |
1976, 1980, 1984 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | Won all his medals in the single sculls |
| 22x20px Agostino Abbagnale Italy (ITA) |
1988, 1996, 2000 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | His brothers Carmine and Giuseppe each won 2 gold medals. |
| 22x20px Liliana Gafencu Romania (ROU) |
1996, 2000, 2004 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | Won all three medals in Romania's women's eight |
Events
Men's
| Event | 96 | 00 | 04 | 08 | 12 | 20 | 24 | 28 | 32 | 36 | 48 | 52 | 56 | 60 | 64 | 68 | 72 | 76 | 80 | 84 | 88 | 92 | 96 | 00 | 04 | 08 | 12 | Years |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Single sculls | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | 26 | |
| Double sculls | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | 23 | ||||
| Quadruple sculls | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | 10 | |||||||||||||||||
| Coxless pairs | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | 23 | ||||
| Coxed pairs | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | 18 | |||||||||
| Coxless fours | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | 23 | ||||
| Coxed fours | •• | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | 20 | ||||||||
| Coxed fours, with inriggers | • | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Eights | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | 26 | |
| Lightweight Double sculls | • | • | • | • | • | 5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lightweight Coxless fours | • | • | • | • | • | 5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Events | 0 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 |
Women's
| Event | 96 | 00 | 04 | 08 | 12 | 20 | 24 | 28 | 32 | 36 | 48 | 52 | 56 | 60 | 64 | 68 | 72 | 76 | 80 | 84 | 88 | 92 | 96 | 00 | 04 | 08 | 12 | Years |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Single sculls | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | 10 | |||||||||||||||||
| Double sculls | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | 10 | |||||||||||||||||
| Quadruple sculls | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | 10 | |||||||||||||||||
| Coxless pairs | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | 10 | |||||||||||||||||
| Coxed fours | • | • | • | • | 4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Coxless fours | • | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Eights | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | 10 | |||||||||||||||||
| Lightweight Double sculls | • | • | • | • | • | 5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Events | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 |
Nations
Number of rowers from each nation by year of Olympics, starting with 1896 (when none competed due to bad weather) then 1900 through 2012.
| Nation | 96 | 00 | 04 | 08 | 12 | 20 | 24 | 28 | 32 | 36 | 48 | 52 | 56 | 60 | 64 | 68 | 72 | 76 | 80 | 84 | 88 | 92 | 96 | 00 | 04 | 08 | 12 | Years |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Algeria Algeria (ALG) | style="background:#ddd"#REDIRECTmw:Help:Magic words#Other This page is a soft redirect. |
1 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 5 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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9 | 9 | 3 | 26 | 9 | 9 | 12 | 9 | 18 | 10 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 22 | 8 | 6 | 2 | 10 | 18 | ||||||||
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10 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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10 | 1 | 1 | 12 | 8 | 14 | 26 | 25 | 26 | 11 | 16 | 13 | 16 | 25 | 16 | 28 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 48 | 47 | 21 | |||||
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| Nations | 0 | 8 | 2 | 8 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 19 | 13 | 24 | 27 | 33 | 25 | 33 | 27 | 29 | 35 | 31 | 25 | 30 | 38 | 45 | 45 | 51 | 55 | 60 | 58 | 92 |
| Rowers | 0 | 108 | 44 | 81 | 186 | 136 | 182 | 245 | 153 | 313 | 310 | 404 | 242 | 410 | 330 | 353 | 440 | 593 | 470 | 447 | 592 | 627 | 608 | 547 | 557 | 555 | 550 | 7356 |
| Year | 96 | 00 | 04 | 08 | 12 | 20 | 24 | 28 | 32 | 36 | 48 | 52 | 56 | 60 | 64 | 68 | 72 | 76 | 80 | 84 | 88 | 92 | 96 | 00 | 04 | 08 | 12 | 24 |
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Venues
Main article: List of Olympic venues in rowing
See also
- List of rowing venues - includes Olympic venues and non Olympic venues
References
- ^ "Feature: the impact of Olympic inclusion on women’s rowing". World Rowing. 12 June 2013. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
- ^ An "inrigger" is a boat with oarlocks attached directly on the gunwale.
- ^ "Women in rowing". World Rowing. 23 February 2015. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
External links
- Olympic Rowing Medalists at HickokSports.com
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