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Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative

Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative
Template:Infobox IPA/format numbers
IPA number 148
Encoding
Entity (decimal) Template:Infobox IPA/format numbers
Unicode (hex) Template:Infobox IPA/format numbers
X-SAMPA K
Kirshenbaum s<lat>
Template:Infobox IPA/format numbers

The voiceless alveolar lateral fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiceless dental, alveolar, and postalveolar lateral fricatives is ⟨ɬ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is ⟨K⟩. The letter ⟨ɬ⟩ is called "belted l" and should not be confused with "l with tilde", ⟨ɫ⟩, which transcribes a different sound, the velarized alveolar lateral approximant. It should also be distinguished from a voiceless alveolar lateral approximant, although the fricative is sometimes incorrectly described as a "voiceless l", a description fitting only of the approximant.

Several Welsh names beginning with this sound have been borrowed into English, where they either retain the Welsh ⟨ll⟩ spelling but are pronounced with an /l/ (Lloyd, Llywelyn), or are substituted with /fl/ (Floyd, Fluellen).

Features

Features of the voiceless alveolar lateral fricative:

  • Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
  • Its place of articulation is alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
  • Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • It is a lateral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, rather than down the middle.
  • The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Although the sound is rare among European languages outside the Caucasus (being found notably in Welsh, where it is written ⟨ll⟩),[1] it is fairly common among Native American languages, such as Navajo,[2] and North Caucasian languages, such as Avar.[3] It is also found in African languages like Zulu, Asian languages like Chukchi and Taishanese, and several Formosan languages and a number of dialects in Taiwan.

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Adyghe плъыжь About this sound [pɬəʑ] (help·info) 'red'
Ahtna dzeł [tsəɬ] 'mountain'
Ait Seghrouchen Berber altu [æˈɬʊw] 'not yet' Allophone of /lt/
Aleut Atkan dialect hla [ɬɑ] 'boy'
Amis Southern dialect kudiwis [kuɬiwis] 'rabbit'
Avar лъабго [ˈɬabɡo] 'three'
Basay lanum [ɬanum] 'water'
Bunun ludun [ɬuɗun] 'mountain'
Bura[4] Contrasts with [ɮ] and [ʎ̝̊].[4]
Cherokee Some speakers ᎥᏝ [ə̃ʔɬa] 'no' Corresponds to [tɬ] in the speech of most speakers
Chickasaw lhinko [ɬiŋko] 'to be fat'
Chukchi ԓевыт [ɬeβət] 'head'
Creek rakkē [ɬakkiː] 'big' Historically transcribed thl or tl by English speakers
Dahalo [ʡáɬi] 'fat'
Eyak qe'ł [qʰɛʔɬ] 'woman'
Fali [paɬkan] 'shoulder'
Faroese hjálp [jɔɬp] 'help'
Forest Nenets [xaɬʲu] 'rain' Forest Nenets has both plain /ɬ/ and palatalized /ɬʲ/
Greenlandic illu [iɬːu] 'house'
Hadza [ɬɛmeja] 'man'
Haida tla'únhl [tɬʰʌʔʊ́nɬ] 'six'
Hmong hli About this sound [ɬi] (help·info) 'moon'
Icelandic siglt [sɪɬt] 'have sailed'
Inuktitut akłak [akɬak] 'grizzly bear' See Inuit phonology
Kabardian лъы About this sound [ɬə] (help·info) 'blood'
Kaska tsį̄ł [tsʰĩːɬ] 'axe'
Khanty Surgut dialect ԓӓпәт [ˈɬæpət] 'seven' Contrasts with palatalized /ɬʲ/. Corresponds to /l/ or /t/ in other dialects
Kazym dialect ԓапәт [ˈɬɑpət]
Mochica paxllær [paɬøɾ] 'lima bean'
Moloko sla [ɬa] 'cow'
Nahuatl āltepētl [aːɬˈtɛpɛːt͡ɬ] 'city' Allophone of /l/
Navajo łaʼ [ɬaʔ] 'some' See Navajo phonology
Nisga'a hloks [ɬoks] 'Sun'
Norwegian Trønder dialect tatl / tasl [taɬ] 'sissiness' See Norwegian phonology
Saaroa rahli [raɬi] 'chief'
Sahaptin łp’úł [ˈɬpʼuɬ] 'tears'
Sandawe [ɬáː] 'goat'
Sassarese moltu About this sound [ˈmoɬtu] (help·info) 'dead'
Sotho ho hlahloba [ho ɬɑɬɔbɑ] 'to examine' See Sotho phonology
St’át’imcets lhésp [ɬə́sp] 'rash'
Taishanese 三 thlam[5] [ɬam˧] 'three'
Taos [ɬìˈwēnæ] 'wife' See Taos phonology
Thao kilhpul [kiɬpul] 'star'
Tlingit lingít [ɬìnkít] 'person; Tlingit'
Tsez лъи About this sound [ɬi] (help·info) 'water'
Welsh llall [ɬaːɬ] '(the) other' See Welsh phonology
Yi ꆧꁨ hlop-bbop [ɬo˧˩bo˧˩] 'moon'
Zulu isihlahla [isiˈɬaːɬa] 'tree'
Zuni asdemła [ʔastemɬan] 'ten'

Semitic languages

The sound is conjectured as a phoneme for Proto-Semitic, usually transcribed as ś; it has evolved into Arabic [ʃ], Hebrew, [s]:

Proto-Semitic Akkadian Arabic Phoenician Hebrew Aramaic Ge'ez
ś s̠ ش š š š שׂ s ܫ s ሰ ś

Amongst Semitic languages, the sound still exists in contemporary Soqotri[citation needed] and Mehri.[6] In Ge'ez, it is written with the letter Śawt.[citation needed]

See also

References

  1. ^ Ladefoged, Peter (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. p. 203. ISBN 0-631-19815-6. 
  2. ^ McDonough, Joyce (2003). The Navajo Sound System. Cambridge: Kluwer. ISBN 1-4020-1351-5. 
  3. ^ Laver, John (1994). Principles of Phonetics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 257–258. ISBN 0-521-45655-X. 
  4. ^ a b Grønnum (2005:154–155)
  5. ^ Taishanese Dictionary & Resources
  6. ^ Howe, Darin (2003). Segmental Phonology. University of Calgary. p. 22. 

Bibliography

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External links