Frequent Links
geostatistics impact factorAsthma Open Access JournalsVegetable CultivationSkin aging high impact factor journalsGeneral Practice scholarly journalsBlood Clotting Top JournalsDomestic-Tourism-High-Impact-Factor-JournalsAsthma and Sleep Scholarly Peer-review JournalBioprocessing-journals-listProgesteroneChronic PolyneuropathyThyroid Impact-factorHypnosurgeryDecentralizationPancreatic Cancer
Voiceless labio-velar approximant
| Voiceless labio-velar approximant | |
|---|---|
| Template:Infobox IPA/format numbers | |
| w̥ | |
| IPA number | 169 |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) |
Template:Infobox IPA/format numbers |
| Unicode (hex) | Template:Infobox IPA/format numbers |
| X-SAMPA |
W |
| Kirshenbaum |
w<vls> |
| Braille | 25px25px |
| Template:Infobox IPA/format numbers | |
The voiceless labiovelar (labialized velar) approximant (traditionally called a voiceless labiovelar fricative) is a type of consonantal sound, used in spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʍ⟩ (a rotated lowercase letter ⟨w⟩) or ⟨w̥⟩.
[ʍ] is generally called a "fricative" for historical reasons, but in English, the language that the letter ⟨ʍ⟩ is primarily used for, it is a voiceless approximant, equivalent to [w̥] or [hw̥]. On rare occasions the symbol is appropriated for a labialized voiceless velar fricative, [xʷ], in other languages.
Features
Features of the voiceless labial-velar approximant:
- Its manner of articulation is approximant, which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but not enough to produce a turbulent airstream.
- Its place of articulation is labialized velar, which means it is articulated with the back part of the tongue raised toward the soft palate (the velum) while rounding the lips.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cornish | whath, hwath | [ʍæːθ] | 'still', 'yet' | Is spelled ⟨wh⟩ and ⟨hw⟩ in the Standard Written Form, as ⟨wh⟩ in Kernowek Standard, Unified Cornish, Unified Cornish Revised and Modern Cornish, and ⟨hw⟩ in Kernewek Kemmyn | |
| English | American Theater Standard[1] | whine | [ʍaɪ̯n] | 'whine' | Phonemically /hw/; contrasts with /w/. In General American[2] and New Zealand English[3][4] only some speakers maintain the distinction; in Britain, mostly heard in Irish and Scottish accents.[5] See English phonology and phonological history of wh. |
| Canadian Maritime [citation needed] | |||||
| Conservative Received Pronunciation[5] | |||||
| Cultivated South African[6] | |||||
| General American[2][7] | |||||
| Irish[6][8][9] | [ʍʌɪ̯n] | ||||
| Scottish[6][10][11][12] | |||||
| Southern American[13] | [ʍäːn] | ||||
| New Zealand[3][4][10][14] | [ʍɑe̯n] | ||||
| Gothic | 𐍃𐌰𐌹𐍈𐌰 saiƕa | [sɛːʍa] | '(to) see' | The Gothic alphabet has a special letter for this: 𐍈/ƕ | |
| Hupa | tł'iwh | [t͡ɬʼiʍ] | 'snake', 'rattlesnake' | Contrasts with /w/ | |
| Nahuatl | Cuauhtēmallān | [kʷaʍteːmalːaːn] | 'Guatemala' | Allophone of /w/ before voiceless consonants | |
| Slovene[15][16] | vse | [ʍˈsɛ]∼[uˈsɛ][17] | 'everything' | Allophone of /ʋ/ in the syllable onset before voiceless consonants.[15][16] Voiced [w] before voiced consonants. See Slovene phonology | |
| Taiwanese | 沃花 ak-hue | [ʔak̚˥ʔ ʍeː˥˥] | '(to) water flowers' | ||
See also
References
- ^ Skinner (1990), p. 335.
- ^ a b Rogers (2000), p. 120.
- ^ a b Rogers (2000), p. 117.
- ^ a b "Australian English and New Zealand English" (PDF). p. 9.
- ^ a b "Received Pronunciation Phonology".
- ^ a b c Lass (2002), p. 121.
- ^ "North American English: General Accents" (PDF). p. 6.
- ^ Wells (1982a), p. 432.
- ^ "Irish English and Ulster English" (PDF). pp. 4 and 7.
- ^ a b McMahon (2002), p. 31.
- ^ Wells (1982a), p. 408.
- ^ "Scottish Standard English and Scots" (PDF). p. 6.
- ^ Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006).
- ^ Wells (1982b), p. 610.
- ^ a b Šuštaršič, Komar & Petek (1999:136)
- ^ a b Greenberg (2006:18)
- ^ http://www.seelrc.org:8080/grammar/pdf/stand_alone_slovene.pdf p. 18
Bibliography
- Greenberg, Mark L. (2006), A Short Reference Grammar of Standard Slovene, Kansas: University of Kansas
- Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (2006), The Atlas of North American English, Berlin: Mouton-de Gruyter, ISBN 3-11-016746-8
- Lass, Roger (2002), "South African English", in Mesthrie, Rajend, Language in South Africa, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521791052
- McMahon, April (2002), An Introduction to English Phonology, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press Ltd, ISBN 0 7486 1252 1
- Rogers, Henry (2000), The Sounds of Language: An Introduction to Phonetics, Essex: Pearson Education Limited, ISBN 978-0-582-38182-7
- Skinner, Edith; Timothy Monich; Lilene Mansell (ed.) (1990). Speak with distinction (Second ed.). New York: Applause Theatre Book Publishers. ISBN 1-55783-047-9.
- Šuštaršič, Rastislav; Komar, Smiljana; Petek, Bojan (1999), "Slovene", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 135–139, ISBN 0-521-65236-7, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874
- Wells, J.C. (1982a), Accents of English, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
- Wells, J.C. (1982b). Accents of English 3: Beyond the British Isles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-28541-0.
